Structural reforms continue to face serious obstacles. 2013 has seen a relatively high number of downgrades in sector and country-level indicators. At the sector level, reversals occurred in a few countries where the economic downturn has eroded...

Table S.1 shows the transition scores for 16 sectors in all EBRD countries of operations.1 The methodology is broadly unchanged from previous years (see Chapter 1 of the Transition Report 2010). Tables S.2 and S.3 contain the component ratings...

Energy sector policy has emerged as one of the toughest policy areas in the transition region. The need for enhanced energy efficiency, investment in renewable energy and cost-reflective tariffs is well recognised, but politically difficult to...

As with energy, reforms in the infrastructure sectors are complicated, given that tariff adjustments can impact widely on the various sections of the population. Railway reforms, for example, have proven to be a particular challenge. There is...

Despite the turbulence of the last five years financial sector reforms have generally remained intact, although with notable exceptions. There is significant scope for further reform and development, especially in the insurance and other...

For the second year in a row, market structures and institutions in the corporate sector have remained largely unchanged, which probably reflects persistent weak growth. However, the overall business environment has remained stable. In ...

Kosovo became the 66th member of the EBRD in December 2012. The EBRD has been active in Kosovo since 1999, but the country faces a tough transition agenda as a result of its weak institutional structure and years of under-investment. Table S.1...

The EBRD's country-level transition indicators have existed since 1994 and cover the period since 1989. Although some were due for modification in 2013, given the theme of this report – "Stuck in Transition?" – the Bank has decided to maintain...

A key challenge facing Egypt is how to achieve more inclusive growth which both raises productivity and creates good jobs. High unemployment is a long-standing problem and has become increasingly urgent over the past two and a half years, rising...

The development of public-private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure investment in the transition region has had a mixed history. Progress has been slower than anticipated and has been influenced by external market conditions and political...

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(See Table S.1 in the "Structural reform" section) The sectoral transition indicators reflect the judgments of the EBRD's Office of the Chief Economist about progress in transition by sector and the size of the remaining transition "gap" or...

R. Hausmann, J. Hwang and D. Rodrik (2007)"What you export matters", Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-25. M. McMillan and D. Rodrik (2011)"Globalization, Structural Change and Productivity Growth" in M. Bacchetta and...